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Engineering Reference Library
Design Guides Written by Pack Engineers
Six working references distilled from our own production decisions: which LiFePO4 cell to specify, how voltage platforms map from 4S to 20S, which BMS protocol fits which fleet, the certification path by market, the shipping rules that gate every export, and the cycle-life math that turns a datasheet into service years. Written for engineers who buy batteries, not browsers.
The Library
Six Guides, One Cell-to-Container Chain
LiFePO4 Cell Selection
EVE LF280K 280Ah (~6,000 cycles, ≤0.25 mΩ internal resistance) against CATL 314Ah (~180 Wh/kg, 6,000–7,000+ cycles) and 32700 cylindrical cells (2,000–4,000 cycles). How to match a cell to duty cycle, budget and enclosure volume before you commit a mold.
Read guide →Voltage Platform Quick Reference
4S = 12.8V, 8S = 25.6V, 16S = 51.2V, 20S = 72V — with NMC and LFP variants, charge windows and the platform each application actually buys. The full table sits on this page below.
Read guide →BMS Protocol Selection
4S–32S boards at 30–500A with RS485, CAN 2.0B and Bluetooth 5.0. When CAN beats RS485, when Bluetooth is enough, and which inverter protocol libraries — Deye, Victron, Growatt, Sol-Ark, SMA — your market expects.
Read guide →Certification Roadmap by Market
UN38.3 (8 transport tests) is global and non-negotiable; IEC 62133-2 opens CB markets; UL 1973 gates US stationary storage and precedes UL 9540; CE now travels with EU Battery Regulation 2023/1542 files. Sequenced so you never pay for the wrong test first.
Read guide →Shipping & Packaging Compliance
UN3480 by air means SoC ≤30% under PI965, cargo aircraft only; sea freight runs IMDG Class 9 with P903 packaging in UN-certified cartons. Every mode needs the UN38.3 test summary, MSDS and DG declaration.
Read guide →Cycle-Life & TCO Estimation
Convert cycles to service years: LiFePO4 at 6,000+ cycles and 90–95% DoD against lead-acid at 300–500 cycles and 50% DoD — the four-line calculation that settles the chemistry argument in procurement meetings.
Read guide →From the Line, Not the Library Shelf
The Same Math Behind Every Quotation
None of these guides started as marketing. Each one documents a decision our engineers make daily across 8 pack lines with about 100,000 kWh of monthly output — and every quotation you receive from us is built on the same tables.
- Cell selection — driven by incoming lot data: capacity and internal-resistance verification on every cell delivery before a platform is quoted.
- Voltage platforms — the series counts our lines actually run, from 4S Group 31 drop-ins to 20S moped packs.
- Certification sequencing — mirrors the scopes we file: UN38.3 plus MSDS as standard, IEC 62133-2 and UL 1973 as project options.
- Shipping rules — maintained by our export desk from live IMDG and IATA handling out of Yantian and Shekou.
- Response speed — a specification and costed proposal lands in 2 working days because the reference work is already done.
Quick Reference · From Guide 02
Voltage Platform Cheat Sheet: 4S to 20S
| Platform | Configuration | Nominal voltage | Charge window | Typical application |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cell base · LFP | 1S LiFePO4 | 3.2 V | 3.65 V | Building block for all LFP platforms |
| Cell base · NMC | 1S NMC/NCA | 3.6–3.7 V | 4.2 V | Building block for light-EV platforms |
| 12V drop-in | 4S LiFePO4 | 12.8 V | 14.6 V | RV & marine Group 24/31 lead-acid replacement |
| 24V | 8S LiFePO4 | 25.6 V | 29.2 V | House banks, trolling, industrial controls |
| 36V light EV | 10S NMC | 36 V | 42 V | E-bike and scooter packs |
| 36V trolling | 12S LiFePO4 | 38.4 V | 43.8 V | One-battery 36V trolling motor systems |
| 48V light EV | 13S NMC | 46.8 V | 54.6 V | E-bike, scooter and moped packs |
| 48V ESS | 16S LiFePO4 | 51.2 V | 57.6–58.4 V | Home storage, 19" rack, -48V telecom |
| 60V moped | 16S NMC | 57.6 V | 67.2 V | High-speed mopeds, delivery vehicles |
| 72V | 20S NMC | 72 V | 84 V | Performance scooters, mopeds, light EV |
Note: 51.2V 100Ah — 5.12 kWh per 16S module — is the de-facto standard block for home, rack and telecom storage (Dyness DL5.0, Pylontech US5000 and peers all ship the same spec), with a working discharge window of 41–58.4V. Sixteen modules in parallel reach 81.92 kWh per cabinet, the building size most C&I peak-shaving projects start from.
Guide Questions
Before You Download
Are the guides free? How do I get the PDFs?
Which guide should I read first for a lead-acid conversion?
Do the guides apply to NMC builds, or only LiFePO4?
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